I think the first thing you need to do is learn to distinguish what each ingredient brings to the final taste. Can you distinguish malt from hops, yeast from malt? Then can you distinguish what kind of malt or when the hops were added or what they were? Once you understand that that rich, robust flavour is not actually malt but yeast, then you can work out that that yeast might bring plum flavours or whatever else.
Perfect example. The way i go about things i evalutate the BJCP guidelines and attempt to look for those flavours/aromas. for example the AIPA i have in my hands with a palate breakdown and the ingredients below:
5.00 kg Pale Malt, Traditional Ale (Joe White) (1.7 SRM) Grain 76.9 %
0.50 kg Caramalt (Joe White) (17.3 SRM) Grain 7.7 %
0.40 kg Carafoam (Weyermann) (2.0 SRM) Grain 6.2 %
0.35 kg Munich I (Weyermann) (7.1 SRM) Grain 5.4 %
0.25 kg Crystal (Joe White) (34.2 SRM) Grain 3.8 %
20.00 gm Magnum [12.50%] (60 min) (First Wort Hop) Hops 28.8 IBU
15.00 gm Centennial [9.70%] (20 min) Hops 9.2 IBU
15.00 gm Cascade [7.80%] (20 min) Hops 7.4 IBU
20.00 gm Centennial [9.70%] (5 min) Hops 4.1 IBU
20.00 gm Cascade [7.80%] (5 min) Hops 3.3 IBU
20.00 gm Centennial [10.00%] (Dry Hop 3 days) Hops -
20.00 gm Chinook [13.00%] (Dry Hop 3 days) Hops -
3.40 gm Calcium Chloride (Mash 60.0 min) Misc
4.50 gm Epsom Salt (MgSO4) (Mash 60.0 min) Misc
6.80 gm Gypsum (Calcium Sulfate) (Mash 60.0 min) Misc
1 Pkgs American Ale II (Wyeast Labs #1272) Yeast-Ale
Aroma: american hops, citrusy, malty, bready, quite clean yest profile, slightly nutty, some sweetness.
Flavour: Deep hop flavour, some malt sweetness, some caramel, bready munich flavours, nuttiness. finishes quite toasty/bready, clean full palate, firm bitterness, finishes smooth/creamy.
associate the following from the description above:
nutty = munich or yeast
citrus = hops
malty = munich or pale malt
sweetness = caramalt
caramel = crystal
toasty = munich/pale malt
creamy = munich./hops/carapils (head is very smooth/creamy from crystals and carapils)
I hope that helps. Basically drink as much as you can and as varied as you can. You dont become an expert overnight. The more you taste the better you get.