US05 at 16 deg is pretty much on its lower end of the range. Maybe it stalled? Add some yeast nutrient during the boil to give it a bit of a kick and oxygenate/ thrash well. :beerbang:
Back on track guys, this isn't a slinging match about the pro's and cons of NC. Don't let this thread go down the way of so many others in the past! :beerbang:
24 - 48 hours, and the size of the starter depends on how old the yeast is to start. If very old, start small and slowly build up. If within date, I throw straight into either a 1 or 1.5L starter. Put it in the fridge until it all drops, decant, raise to room temp and pitch. :beerbang: