Text I stole from the Internet
Sugar is the generalized name for sweet, short-chain, soluble carbohydrates, many of which are used in food. They are
carbohydrates, composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. There are various types of sugar derived from different sources. Simple sugars are called
monosaccharides and include
glucose (also known as dextrose),
fructose and
galactose. The table or granulated sugar most customarily used as food is
sucrose, a
disaccharide. (In the body, sucrose hydrolyses into fructose and glucose.) Other disaccharides include
maltose and
lactose. Longer chains of sugars are called
oligosaccharides. Chemically-different substances may also have a sweet taste, but are not classified as sugars. Some are used as
lower-caloriefood substitutes for sugar described as
artificial sweeteners.
Sugars are found in the tissues of most plants, but are present in sufficient concentrations for efficient extraction only in
sugarcane and
sugar beet.[
citation needed] Sugarcane refers to any of several species of giant grass in the genus
Saccharum that have been cultivated in tropical climates in
South Asia and
Southeast Asiasince ancient times. A great expansion in its production took place in the 18th century with the establishment of sugar plantations in the West Indies and Americas. This was the first time that sugar became available to the common people, who had previously had to rely on honey to sweeten foods. Sugar beet, a
cultivated variety of
Beta vulgaris, is grown as a root crop in cooler climates and became a major source of sugar in the 19th century when methods for extracting the sugar became available. Sugar production and trade have changed the course of human history in many ways, influencing the formation of colonies, the perpetuation of
slavery, the transition to indentured labour, the migration of peoples, wars between sugar-trade–controlling nations in the 19th century, and the ethnic composition and political structure of the
New World.