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95% sure it is your water. What water are you using? If using tap water you need to filter it with an activated charcoal filter and add ascorbic acid or sodium metabisulphite for good measure. This will remove the chlorine from the water which will stop the production of chlorophenols during...

I think you are mistaken it would look more like this.

You need to clean and sanitise. Its a two step process. Cleaners will remove the bulk of the solid from surface, a sanitiser will kill any microorganisms still lurking. I take it you are using PET bottles. If so don't use boiling water. PET does not like boiling water and they will deform if...

What are you brewing in? Are you measuring the mash temp accurately? How are you measuring the SG? I'd suggest backing off the pressure to about 1 bar (15psi). Not all yeast respond favourably to pressure either. Give Nottingham a go.

Frothy bottles can be caused by a sanitation issue. You can end up with bacteria or wild yeast in the bottle that will ferment some of the more complex sugars that your brewers yeast couldn't leading to over carbonation. Are you sanitising the bottles with starsan prior to bottling? Some...

No worries, you can substitute in the late hops for whatever you like. Motueka goes well with its distinctive lime characteristic, if you prefer that over grapefruit/passion fruit of Galaxy. You could also try Nelson Sauvin, El Dorado, Citra, Mosaic, Riwaka etc. Try to add the whirlpool...

What lagers in particular have you been enjoying? I think most of the craft lagers are 'new world' lagers and are late hopped with modern US/NZ/AU hop varieties. Recipe might look something like this 90% Pilsner 5% Caramalt 5% Carapils 25 IBU Magnum FWH 2g/L Galaxy Whirlpool Saflager W34/70

Yes, any brew software worth its salt will be factoring in hop utilisation. Remember though that hop utilisation can only be calculated in terms of IBU, that is isomerisation of alpha acids. There is currently no method for calculating the extraction of other flavour compounds from hops, for...

What pressure/temp are you fermenting at? What grist did you use? What mash schedule?

Hop utilisation is gravity dependent so you will need to use more hops to hit your IBU targets. ie, less bitterness will be extracted from hops at 1.1 that at 1.06

Sounds like he added about 14L. I think the 'pre boil' reading he took was actually the pre sparge reading because his pot is too small to do a full volume boil.

I would tip it and start again, or you could add some enzymes to the fermenter. As it is that beer is going to be very sweet and not very alcoholic. Next time, don't have your strike water above 75c, or you will kill the enzymes. You don't need distilled water to calibrate the refractometer...

25g may not be all that noticeable. Whats the batch size?

why do you pay so much for hops?

Thanks for the tip, I will double check for this. I will re vac seal them this arvo i think.

Do it the way you want to. Try multiple methods and report back with the method that works best for you. There are few rules with brewing. There are are almost as many beer brewing processes as there are brewers. We all do things a little differently. If it were me, I would be tempted to...

3 months of work? Thats a long time between brewing and packaging. What style is it? Just taste it and see. If it tastes drinkable, then drink it. If it tastes like arse, dont drink it.

My advice would be to expect an efficiency of 75%. Brew a first batch with the recipe dialed in at that and then measure the efficiency you actually get. That will give you a base line. It wont matter that much if you get slightly higher or lower for the first batch. It will still be beer. As...

I'm trying to understand what that flavour would be. Bad flavour in old stale ice is usually caused by the absorption of odours from food in the fridge and freezer. Flavours in food are made of similar chemicals to flavours in beer (not surprising given beer is a food really) which include...

These are good for wort storage. You can pour hot wort directly into them up to the rim and lid on. http://www.brewmart.com.au/brewmart-shop/catalogue/?detail&ItemID=4434&SZIDX=0&CCODE=45354&QOH=75&CATID=293&CLN=1&keywords=regent